工具类型
Typescript 提供了一些工具,来辅助进行常见的类型转换。这些类型全局可用。
Awaited<Type>
此类型用于对async异步函数中的await上,或应用于Promise递归展开.then()方法上。
type A =Awaited <Promise<string>>; // type A = string type B =Awaited <Promise<Promise<number>>>; // type B = number type C =Awaited <boolean | Promise<number>>; // type C = number | boolean
Partial<Type>
用于构造一个类型,类型的所有属性都设置为可选。这个工具返回代表给定类型的所有子集的类型。
interface Todo { title: string; description: string; } function updateTodo(todo: Todo, fieldsToUpdate:Partial <Todo>) { return { ...todo, ...fieldsToUpdate }; } const todo1 = { title: "organize desk", description: "clear clutter", }; const todo2 = updateTodo(todo1, { description: "throw out trash", // description?: string | underfined }); /* const todo2: { title: string; description: string; } */
Required<Type>
用于构造一个类型,类型的所有属性都设置为必填的类型。这个工具类型跟Partial相反。
interface Props { a?: number; b?: string; } const obj: Props = { a: 5 }; const obj2:Required <Props> = { a: 5 }; // TypeError: Property 'b' is missing in type '{ a: number; }' but required in type 'Required<Props>'.
Readonly<Type>
用于构造一个类型,类型的所有属性都设置为readonly的类型。意味着这个类型的所有的属性全都不可以重新赋值。
interface Todo {
title: string;
}
const todo: Readonly <Todo> = {
title: "Delete inactive users",
};
todo.title = "Hello";
// TypeError: Cannot assign to 'title' because it is a read-only property.
这个工具类型用于表示在运行时失败的赋值表达式(即尝试重新分配冻结对象的属性时)。
Object.freeze
function freeze<Type>(obj: Type): Readonly<Type>;
Record<Keys, Type>
用于构造一个对象类型,它所有的键都是Keys类型,它所有的值都是Type类型。这个工具类型可以被用于映射一个类型的属性到另一个类型。
interface CatInfo {
age: number;
breed: string;
}
type CatName = "miffy" | "boris" | "mordred";
const cats: Record <CatName, CatInfo> = {
miffy: { age: 10, breed: "Persian" },
// (property) miffy: CatInfo
boris: { age: 5, breed: "Maine Coon" },
// (property) boris: CatInfo
mordred: { age: 16, breed: "British Shorthair" },
// (property) mordred: CatInfo
};
// const cats: Record<CatName, CatInfo>
Pick<Type, Keys>
用于构造一个类型,它是从Type类型里面,挑选出属性Keys<、var>(Keys是字符串字面量或者字符串字面量的联合类型)
interface Todo {
title: string;
description: string;
completed: boolean;
}
type TodoPreview = Pick <Todo, "title" | "completed">;
/*
type TodoPreview = {
title: string;
completed: boolean;
}
*/
const todo: TodoPreview = {
title: "Clean room",
completed: false,
};
todo;
// const todo: TodoPreview
Omit<Type, Keys>
用于构造一个类型,它是从Type类型里面,过滤掉属性Keys(Keys 是字符串字面量或者字符串字面量的联合类型)
interface Todo {
title: string;
description: string;
completed: boolean;
createdAt: number;
}
type TodoPreview = Omit <Todo, "description">;
/*
type TodoPreview ={
title: string;
completed: boolean;
createdAt: number;
}
*/
const todo: TodoPreview = {
title: "Clean room",
completed: false,
createdAt: 1615544252770,
};
todo;
// const todo: TodoPreview
type TodoInfo = Omit <Todo, "completed" | "createdAt">;
/*
type TodoInfo = {
title: string;
description: string;
}
*/
const todoInfo: TodoInfo = {
title: "Pick up kids",
description: "Kindergarten closes at 5pm",
};
todoInfo;
// const todoInfo: TodoInfo
Exclude<UnionType, ExcludedMembers>
用于构造一个类型,它是从UnionType联合类型里面,排除所有ExcludedMembers类型。
type T0 =Exclude <"a" | "b" | "c", "a">; // type T0 = "b" | "c" type T1 =Exclude <"a" | "b" | "c", "a" | "b">; // type T1 = "c" type T2 =Exclude <string | number | (() => void), Function>; // type T2 = string | number
Extract<Type, Union>
用于构造一个类型,它是从Type类型里面,提取所有Union类型。
type T0 =Extract <"a" | "b" | "c", "a" | "f">; // type T0 = "a" type T1 =Extract <string | number | (() => void), Function>; // type T1 = () => void
NonNullable<Type>
用于构造一个类型,从Type中,排除所有的null、undefined类型。
type T0 =NonNullable <string | number | undefined>; // type T0 = string | number type T1 =NonNullable <string[] | null | undefined>; // type T1 = string[]
Parameters<Type>
根据所有Type中,函数的参数类型,构造一个元组类型。
type T0 =Parameters <() => string>; // type T0 = [] type T1 =Parameters <(s: string) => void>; // type T1 = [s: string] type T2 =Parameters <<T>(arg: T) => T>; // type T2 = [arg: unknown]
declare functionf1 (arg: { a: number; b: string }): void; type T3 =Parameters <typeoff1 >; /* type T3 = [arg: { a: number; b: string; }] */ type T4 =Parameters <any>; // type T4 = unknown[] type T5 =Parameters <never>; // type T5 = never type T6 =Parameters <string>; // TypeError: Type 'string' does not satisfy the constraint '(...args: any) => any'. // type T6 = never type T7 =Parameters <Function>; // TypeError: Type 'Function' does not satisfy the constraint '(...args: any) => any'. Type 'Function' provides no match for the signature '(...args: any): any'. // type T7 = never
ConstructorParameters<Type>
根据Type中,构造函数类型,来构造一个元组或数组类型。它产生一个带着所有参数类型的元组。如果Type不是一个函数,则返回never。
在 TypeScript 标准库中,内置有构造签名的实际构造函数:interface ErrorConstructor、interface FunctionConstructor、interface RegExpConstructor类型。
type T0 =ConstructorParameters <ErrorConstructor>; // type T0 = [message?: string] type T1 =ConstructorParameters <FunctionConstructor>; // type T1 = string[] type T2 =ConstructorParameters <RegExpConstructor>; // type T2 = [pattern: string | RegExp, flags?: string] type T3 =ConstructorParameters <any>; // type T3 = unknown[] type T4 =ConstructorParameters <Function>; // TypeError: Type 'Function' does not satisfy the constraint 'abstract new (...args: any) => any'. Type 'Function' provides no match for the signature 'new (...args: any): any'. // type T4 = never
ReturnType<Type>
用于构造一个由Type中函数的返回值的类型,组成的类型。
type T0 =ReturnType <() => string>; // type T0 = string type T1 =ReturnType <(s: string) => void>; // type T1 = void type T2 =ReturnType <<T>() => T>; // type T2 = unknown type T3 =ReturnType <<T extends U, U extends number[]>() => T>; // type T3 = number[]
declare functionf1() : { a: number; b: string }; type T4 =ReturnType <typeoff1 >; /* type T4 = { a: number; b: string; } */ type T5 =ReturnType <any>; // type T5 = any type T6 =ReturnType <never>; // type T6 = never type T7 =ReturnType <string>; // TypeError: Type 'string' does not satisfy the constraint '(...args: any) => any'. // type T7 = any type T8 =ReturnType <Function>; // TypeError: Type 'Function' does not satisfy the constraint '(...args: any) => any'. Type 'Function' provides no match for the signature '(...args: any): any'. // type T8 = any
InstanceType<Type>
用于构造一个由所有Type中构造函数的实例类型,组成的类型。
class C { x = 0; y = 0; } type T0 =InstanceType <typeof C>; // type T0 = C type T1 =InstanceType <any>; // type T1 = any type T2 =InstanceType <never>; // type T2 = never type T3 =InstanceType <string>; // TypeError: Type 'string' does not satisfy the constraint 'abstract new (...args: any) => any'. // type T3 = any type T4 =InstanceType <Function>; // TypeError: Type 'Function' does not satisfy the constraint 'abstract new (...args: any) => any'. Type 'Function' provides no match for the signature 'new (...args: any): any'. // type T4 = any
ThisParameterType<Type>
用于提取函数的this参数的类型。如果这个函数没有this参数,则返回unknown类型。
function toHex(this: Number) {
return this.toString(16);
}
function numberToString(n: ThisParameterType <typeof toHex>) {
return toHex.apply(n);
// (parameter) n: number
}
OmitThisParameter<Type>
用于移除函数的this参数的类型。如果Type没有明确的声明this类型,那么这个返回的结果就是Type,不然的话,就返回一个新的函数类型,基于Type,但不再有this参数。泛型会被抹去,只有最后重载的签名被传播进了返回的新的函数类型。
function toHex(this: Number) {
return this.toString(16);
}
const fiveToHex: OmitThisParameter <typeof toHex> = toHex.bind(5);
console.log(fiveToHex());
ThisType<Type>
这个类型不返回一个转换过的类型,它被用作标记一个上下文的this类型。注意:如果想使用这个工具类型,noImplicitThis选项,必须启用。
type ObjectDescriptor<D, M> = {
data?: D;
methods?: M & ThisType <D & M>; // Type of 'this' in methods is D & M
};
function makeObject<D, M>(desc: ObjectDescriptor<D, M>): D & M {
let data: object = desc.data || {};
let methods: object = desc.methods || {};
return { ...data, ...methods } as D & M;
}
let obj = makeObject({
data: { x: 0, y: 0 },
methods: {
moveBy(dx: number, dy: number) {
this.x += dx; // Strongly typed this
this.y += dy; // Strongly typed this
},
},
});
obj.x = 10;
obj.y = 20;
obj.moveBy(5, 5);
在上面的例子中,makeObject函数的参数重methods对象有上下文的类型包含了ThisType<D & M>,因此methods方法中的this类型是{x: number, y: number}&{moveBy(dx: number, dy: number): number}。注意methods的类型是怎么同时成为一个接口的目标和方法中this类型的源。
ThisType<T>标记的接口是一个生命在lib.d.ts中的简单的空接口。除了被认为是一个对象字面量的上下文类型,这个接口表现得就像一个空接口。
内置字符操作类型
Uppercase<StringType>Lowercase<StringType>Capitalize<StringType>Uncapitalize<StringType>
为了帮助围绕模版字符串的字符串处理,TypeScript 的类型系统包含了一系列中可以用于字符串操作的类型。你可以在文档模板字面量类型中找到这些。
