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  • 工具类型

    Typescript 提供了一些工具,来辅助进行常见的类型转换。这些类型全局可用。

    Awaited<Type>

    此类型用于对async异步函数中的await上,或应用于Promise递归展开.then()方法上。

    type A = Awaited<Promise<string>>;
    // type A = string
     
    type B = Awaited<Promise<Promise<number>>>;
    // type B = number
     
    type C = Awaited<boolean | Promise<number>>;
    // type C = number | boolean
    


    Partial<Type>

    用于构造一个类型,类型的所有属性都设置为可选。这个工具返回代表给定类型的所有子集的类型。

    interface Todo {
      title: string;
      description: string;
    }
    
    function updateTodo(todo: Todo, fieldsToUpdate: Partial<Todo>) {
      return { ...todo, ...fieldsToUpdate };
    }
    
    const todo1 = {
      title: "organize desk",
      description: "clear clutter",
    };
    
    const todo2 = updateTodo(todo1, {
      description: "throw out trash",
      // description?: string | underfined
    });
    
    /*
    const todo2: {
      title: string;
      description: string;
    }
    */
    


    Required<Type>

    用于构造一个类型,类型的所有属性都设置为必填的类型。这个工具类型跟Partial相反。

    interface Props {
      a?: number;
      b?: string;
    }
    
    const obj: Props = { a: 5 };
    const obj2: Required<Props> = { a: 5 };
    // TypeError: Property 'b' is missing in type '{ a: number; }' but required in type 'Required<Props>'.
    


    Readonly<Type>

    用于构造一个类型,类型的所有属性都设置为readonly的类型。意味着这个类型的所有的属性全都不可以重新赋值。

    interface Todo {
      title: string;
    }
    
    const todo: Readonly<Todo> = {
      title: "Delete inactive users",
    };
    
    todo.title = "Hello";
    // TypeError: Cannot assign to 'title' because it is a read-only property.
    

    这个工具类型用于表示在运行时失败的赋值表达式(即尝试重新分配冻结对象的属性时)。

    Object.freeze
    function freeze<Type>(obj: Type): Readonly<Type>;
    


    Record<Keys, Type>

    用于构造一个对象类型,它所有的键都是Keys类型,它所有的值都是Type类型。这个工具类型可以被用于映射一个类型的属性到另一个类型。

    interface CatInfo {
      age: number;
      breed: string;
    }
    
    type CatName = "miffy" | "boris" | "mordred";
    
    const cats: Record<CatName, CatInfo> = {
      miffy: { age: 10, breed: "Persian" },
      // (property) miffy: CatInfo
      boris: { age: 5, breed: "Maine Coon" },
      // (property) boris: CatInfo
      mordred: { age: 16, breed: "British Shorthair" },
      // (property) mordred: CatInfo
    };
    // const cats: Record<CatName, CatInfo>
    


    Pick<Type, Keys>

    用于构造一个类型,它是从Type类型里面,挑选出属性Keys<、var>(Keys是字符串字面量或者字符串字面量的联合类型)

    interface Todo {
      title: string;
      description: string;
      completed: boolean;
    }
    
    type TodoPreview = Pick<Todo, "title" | "completed">;
    /*
    type TodoPreview = {
      title: string;
      completed: boolean;
    }
    */
    
    const todo: TodoPreview = {
      title: "Clean room",
      completed: false,
    };
    
    todo;
    // const todo: TodoPreview
    


    Omit<Type, Keys>

    用于构造一个类型,它是从Type类型里面,过滤掉属性Keys(Keys 是字符串字面量或者字符串字面量的联合类型)

    interface Todo {
      title: string;
      description: string;
      completed: boolean;
      createdAt: number;
    }
    
    type TodoPreview = Omit<Todo, "description">;
    /*
    type TodoPreview ={
      title: string;
      completed: boolean;
      createdAt: number;
    }
    */
    
    const todo: TodoPreview = {
      title: "Clean room",
      completed: false,
      createdAt: 1615544252770,
    };
    
    todo;
    // const todo: TodoPreview
    
    
    type TodoInfo = Omit<Todo, "completed" | "createdAt">;
    /*
    type TodoInfo = {
      title: string;
      description: string;
    }
    */
    
    const todoInfo: TodoInfo = {
      title: "Pick up kids",
      description: "Kindergarten closes at 5pm",
    };
    
    todoInfo;
    // const todoInfo: TodoInfo
    


    Exclude<UnionType, ExcludedMembers>

    用于构造一个类型,它是从UnionType联合类型里面,排除所有ExcludedMembers类型。

    type T0 = Exclude<"a" | "b" | "c", "a">;
    // type T0 = "b" | "c"
    
    type T1 = Exclude<"a" | "b" | "c", "a" | "b">;
    // type T1 = "c"
    
    type T2 = Exclude<string | number | (() => void), Function>;
    // type T2 = string | number
    


    Extract<Type, Union>

    用于构造一个类型,它是从Type类型里面,提取所有Union类型。

    type T0 = Extract<"a" | "b" | "c", "a" | "f">;
    // type T0 = "a"
    
    type T1 = Extract<string | number | (() => void), Function>;
    // type T1 = () => void
    


    NonNullable<Type>

    用于构造一个类型,从Type中,排除所有的nullundefined类型。

    type T0 = NonNullable<string | number | undefined>;
    // type T0 = string | number
    
    type T1 = NonNullable<string[] | null | undefined>;
    // type T1 = string[]
    


    Parameters<Type>

    根据所有Type中,函数的参数类型,构造一个元组类型。

    type T0 = Parameters<() => string>;
    // type T0 = []
    
    type T1 = Parameters<(s: string) => void>;
    // type T1 = [s: string]
    
    type T2 = Parameters<<T>(arg: T) => T>;
    // type T2 = [arg: unknown]
    
    declare function f1(arg: { a: number; b: string }): void;
    type T3 = Parameters<typeof f1>;
    /*
    type T3 = [arg: {
       a: number;
       b: string;
    }]
    */
    
    type T4 = Parameters<any>;
    // type T4 = unknown[]
    
    type T5 = Parameters<never>;
    // type T5 = never
    
    type T6 = Parameters<string>;
    // TypeError: Type 'string' does not satisfy the constraint '(...args: any) => any'.
    // type T6 = never
    
    type T7 = Parameters<Function>;
    // TypeError: Type 'Function' does not satisfy the constraint '(...args: any) => any'. Type 'Function' provides no match for the signature '(...args: any): any'.
    // type T7 = never
    


    ConstructorParameters<Type>

    根据Type中,构造函数类型,来构造一个元组或数组类型。它产生一个带着所有参数类型的元组。如果Type不是一个函数,则返回never

    在 TypeScript 标准库中,内置有构造签名的实际构造函数:interface ErrorConstructorinterface FunctionConstructorinterface RegExpConstructor类型。

    type T0 = ConstructorParameters<ErrorConstructor>;
    // type T0 = [message?: string]
    
    type T1 = ConstructorParameters<FunctionConstructor>;
    // type T1 = string[]
    
    type T2 = ConstructorParameters<RegExpConstructor>;
    // type T2 = [pattern: string | RegExp, flags?: string]
    
    type T3 = ConstructorParameters<any>;
    // type T3 = unknown[]
    
    type T4 = ConstructorParameters<Function>;
    // TypeError: Type 'Function' does not satisfy the constraint 'abstract new (...args: any) => any'. Type 'Function' provides no match for the signature 'new (...args: any): any'.
    // type T4 = never
    


    ReturnType<Type>

    用于构造一个由Type中函数的返回值的类型,组成的类型。

    type T0 = ReturnType<() => string>;
    // type T0 = string
    
    type T1 = ReturnType<(s: string) => void>;
    // type T1 = void
    
    type T2 = ReturnType<<T>() => T>;
    // type T2 = unknown
    
    type T3 = ReturnType<<T extends U, U extends number[]>() => T>;
    // type T3 = number[]
    
    declare function f1(): { a: number; b: string };
    
    type T4 = ReturnType<typeof f1>;
    /*
    type T4 = {
       a: number;
       b: string;
    }
    */
    
    type T5 = ReturnType<any>;
    // type T5 = any
    
    type T6 = ReturnType<never>;
    // type T6 = never
    
    type T7 = ReturnType<string>;
    // TypeError: Type 'string' does not satisfy the constraint '(...args: any) => any'.
    // type T7 = any
    
    type T8 = ReturnType<Function>;
    // TypeError: Type 'Function' does not satisfy the constraint '(...args: any) => any'. Type 'Function' provides no match for the signature '(...args: any): any'.
    // type T8 = any
    


    InstanceType<Type>

    用于构造一个由所有Type中构造函数的实例类型,组成的类型。

    class C {
      x = 0;
      y = 0;
    }
    
    type T0 = InstanceType<typeof C>;
    // type T0 = C
    
    type T1 = InstanceType<any>;
    // type T1 = any
    
    type T2 = InstanceType<never>;
    // type T2 = never
    
    type T3 = InstanceType<string>;
    // TypeError: Type 'string' does not satisfy the constraint 'abstract new (...args: any) => any'.
    // type T3 = any
    
    type T4 = InstanceType<Function>;
    // TypeError: Type 'Function' does not satisfy the constraint 'abstract new (...args: any) => any'. Type 'Function' provides no match for the signature 'new (...args: any): any'.
    // type T4 = any
    


    ThisParameterType<Type>

    用于提取函数的this参数的类型。如果这个函数没有this参数,则返回unknown类型。

    function toHex(this: Number) {
      return this.toString(16);
    }
    
    function numberToString(n: ThisParameterType<typeof toHex>) {
      return toHex.apply(n);
      // (parameter) n: number
    }
    


    OmitThisParameter<Type>

    用于移除函数的this参数的类型。如果Type没有明确的声明this类型,那么这个返回的结果就是Type,不然的话,就返回一个新的函数类型,基于Type,但不再有this参数。泛型会被抹去,只有最后重载的签名被传播进了返回的新的函数类型。

    function toHex(this: Number) {
     return this.toString(16);
    }
    
    const fiveToHex: OmitThisParameter<typeof toHex> = toHex.bind(5);
    
    console.log(fiveToHex());
    


    ThisType<Type>

    这个类型不返回一个转换过的类型,它被用作标记一个上下文的this类型。注意:如果想使用这个工具类型,noImplicitThis选项,必须启用。

    type ObjectDescriptor<D, M> = {
      data?: D;
      methods?: M & ThisType<D & M>; // Type of 'this' in methods is D & M
    };
    
    function makeObject<D, M>(desc: ObjectDescriptor<D, M>): D & M {
      let data: object = desc.data || {};
      let methods: object = desc.methods || {};
      return { ...data, ...methods } as D & M;
    }
    
    let obj = makeObject({
      data: { x: 0, y: 0 },
      methods: {
        moveBy(dx: number, dy: number) {
          this.x += dx; // Strongly typed this
          this.y += dy; // Strongly typed this
        },
      },
    });
    
    obj.x = 10;
    obj.y = 20;
    obj.moveBy(5, 5);
    

    在上面的例子中,makeObject函数的参数重methods对象有上下文的类型包含了ThisType<D & M>,因此methods方法中的this类型是{x: number, y: number}&{moveBy(dx: number, dy: number): number}。注意methods的类型是怎么同时成为一个接口的目标和方法中this类型的源。

    ThisType<T>标记的接口是一个生命在lib.d.ts中的简单的空接口。除了被认为是一个对象字面量的上下文类型,这个接口表现得就像一个空接口。


    内置字符操作类型

    • Uppercase<StringType>
    • Lowercase<StringType>
    • Capitalize<StringType>
    • Uncapitalize<StringType>

    为了帮助围绕模版字符串的字符串处理,TypeScript 的类型系统包含了一系列中可以用于字符串操作的类型。你可以在文档模板字面量类型中找到这些。